Uwazi

Ms Mungunkhun is an environmental and community-based WHRD who lives in TsagaanOvoo District, located in Mongolia’s easternmost Province of Dornod. She is member to a community of herders living in proximity to a mining site owned by Steppe Gold, a publicly-listed Mongolian mining company active in the exploration and extraction of precious metals. Ms Mungunkhun, together with around ten herders and few members of the Tsagaan-Ovoo community, have steadily opposed the mining operations in the area where they and their livestock live, as they deem that such activities would have negative impacts on their livelihoods and the environment.

On 21 August 2018, A group of herders living in Tsagaan-Ovoo District, including Ms Mungunkhun, was holding a protest against Steppe Gold company’s decision to fence an area of pasture land where they used to go with their livestock. Around ten security personnel from a security company hired by Steppe Gold company handcuffed and put to the ground Mr Tuvshinjargal, a herder and HRD who was taking part in the protest, while one security personnel sat on his head. Mr Tuvshinjargal was then beaten up by several other people, which caused his shoulder being fractured.4 When he screamed for help, one of the herders who was joining the protest managed to help him get into a car. The car was then stopped by the security personnel, who hit the window and the body of the car with a blunt object. Ultimately, the car managed to run away and secure Mr Tuvshinjargal in the local police station. After the incident, Mr Tuvshinjargal claimed that he received an anonymous call threatening him to face death if he did not stop what he is doing. While the attack was happening towards Mr Tuvshinjargal, Ms Mungunkhun recorded the incident with her mobile phone. As she was recording, she was grabbed by three security personnel and her mobile phone was snatched from her hand. She managed to retrieve her phone from the hand of the security person and to hide it under her brassiere, then she ran away. However, she was chased by the security personnel, who manhandled her, and then forcefully took away Ms Mungunkhun’s mobile phone from inside her brassiere and started to beat her. Then she was allegedly brought to the security post of Steppe Gold mining company, where Ms Mungunkhun estimated to have been detained for around five hours as a form of “punishment”. During her detention, she was allegedly sexually harassed by the security personnel in the pretext of “locating her mobile phone”, although they already had it in their possession. She was feeling scared and afraid to lose her life while being surrounded by muscular security personnel, and was insecure about calling out for help. Later when she was released, her mobile phone was eventually returned to her, but the video of the beating was deleted by the security personnel.

When this incident happened, Ms Mungunkhun had recently undergone an appendicitis surgery. The physical attack towards her damaged the stitches, and as a result, after the incident she needed to go back hospital to do re-stitching. It is worth to mention that the local doctor refused to issue a medical certificates to the WHRD and the other victims of the attacks for the injures they suffered. The doctor also refused to issue a medical certificate for Ms Mungunkhun’s re-stitching.

On 22 October 2019, Ms Mungunkhun was invited to the press conference held in Ulaanbaatar to launch the report 'Our Land’, released by FORUM-ASIA and CHRD, exposing the results of the fact-finding mission conducted month before, and including the incident affecting Ms Mungunkhun. During the event, the WHRD reported that a person named Unuruu from Steppe Gold just called her and sent her phone text messages saying that “if you want to stand against the mining, protest against it, you should have a very brave heart and have someone behind you to get protection. Otherwise it seems it’s easy to lose your life”. The WHRD added also that she has faced threats and humiliation from Steppe Gold for months.

ULAN BATOR, Jan 23 (Bernama) -- Tsetsegee Munkhbayar, a prominent environmental activist in Mongolia, was sentenced to 21 and a half years' in jail for using firearms against government officials and threatening government and mining companies. Munkhbayar is a well-known environmental activist and former herder who won the prestigious international environmental Goldman Prize award in 2007. After two days of a court trial that continued late into Tuesday night, Munkhbayar and four other members of the "Fire Nation" environmental movement were given various jail terms ranging from two to over 21 years. Munkhbayar and seven fellow activists were arrested in possession of weapons outside the Mongolian government house in September last year, Xinhua news agency reported. The activist said he had intended to warn the authorities against the government's planned revision of the law that bans mining activity along river basins and forest areas. Police said Munkhbayar and other activists had blackmailed mining companies and attempted to use firearms and explosives against the authorities. Munkhbayar said at the closing of the trial that he did not commit a crime to deserve his sentence. "I have simply fulfilled my duty as a citizen to protect my motherland," he said. Tserenkhand, a coordinator of the Confederation of Mongolian River Movements, an umbrella environmental organisation of which Munkhbayar was part of, said the group will appeal against the court's sentence. Source: BERNAMA

On November 5, 2015, 27-year-old researcher, Lkhagvasumberel Tumursukh, known to most as "Sumbee," left his home in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia a day prior to a trip planned to the South Gobi, to the Tost-Tosonbomba mountain range where he kept watch over about 20 snow leopards he was researching for the Snow Leopard Conservation Foundation and its partner, the Snow Leopard Trust. Having co-authored a number of research publications as a student at National University of Mongolia and with a passion to learn conservation best practices from top schools in the U.S. and U.K., by many accounts Sumbee had a brilliant future ahead of him. But he never made it to the Gobi. Concerned, his colleagues and friends rallied to find him. "I found out he was missing and was in constant contact with people on the ground trying to locate him," Unudelgerekh Batkhuu, board member of the Mongol Ecology Center, told The Diplomat. On November 11, Sumbee's body was found floating in Lake Hovsgol in northern Mongolia, thousands of kilometers away from the Gobi. His death was ruled a drowning, according to the autopsy, while the police ruled it a suicide. "It was devastating," Batkhuu said. Enjoying this article? Click here to subscribe for full access. Just $5 a month. "He taught kids how to interact with animals. He was more of a visionary than any of us. He would not go and kill himself as the police say." A History of Threats On November 17, the Snow Leopard Trust published a cautious yet mournful press release that one of their own had passed away. Shortly after this, more than 40 international researchers, including the Snow Leopard Trust, submitted a formal letter to members of parliament and certain government ministers and published it online, requesting a formal inquiry into a death they deemed suspicious and possibly a murder. "Our concern is that the powers that be will sweep the case under the rug and not do a proper investigation," explained Bob McIntosh from the U.S., also a board member of the Mongol Ecology Center. Along with two prominent researchers, Clyde Goulden and Olaf Jensen, McIntosh had initiated the letter and organized the signatures. According to colleagues, friends and family, Sumbee had been attacked by knife point in central Ulaanbaatar in May 2014, in an incident initially thought to have been a robbery gone wrong. He healed from his wounds and by July 2014, had travelled to Seattle, Washington in the U.S. to further his studies on snow leopards, supported by a scholarship. His sister Munkh-Orgil Tumursukh, remembers the first attack well. She noticed something different about her brother. As part of a family of ardent conservationists, she is studying a degree in eco-tourism in the U.S. and met her older brother in Seattle for two days. Usually wearing t-shirts without collars, this time he wore his shirt collar up. "I said "why do you wear the collar of your shirt like this, brother? Bad boys do this and you are not a bad boy.' I reached for his collar and pulled it down and then saw this mark. This scar. He also had one on his arm." Becoming distraught at the sight of the scar, she pleaded with him to tell her what happened. "Someone tried to kill me," he told her. But then he became cheerful. "My sister, don't worry. I am alive now and here with you." Later that summer in September and back in Mongolia, Sumbee stayed at Ikh Nart Camp with several other biologist and conservationists. "During this trip, I got to know Sumbee as he was there," said Colleen McCulloch, an ecologist in mammal conservation. "One night we were sitting around talking with five or six other biologists. One or two had asked him about[his attack]. I remember Sumbee saying "I had one or two bad guys who were causing problems.'" His second attack came in the winter that year, according to fellow conservationists. Men in a black car abducted him in Ulaanbaatar. He was taken outside the city and threatened with death if he didn't stay away from the Gobi. The threats included his three siblings, which may be why Sumbee tried to protect those close to him from learning too much information. He did, however, report it to the police, who apparently did not take him seriously as he could not identify his attackers. The third attack came in April 2015 in the South Gobi. As Sumbee was driving by motorcycle over a mountain pass two men on bikes came up alongside him and struck him hard. He clung to his bike and kept driving, but it soon became apparent to him that he was hurt. He sought help from friends and was taken to a hospital by helicopter. His parents, Naraa and Tumursukh, explain the attack was severe. "One wound below the chest was 4.5 cm deep, right belly 2 cm, and left belly 3.5 cm deep. Because police didn't recover any evidence or prints they assumed he inflicted those wounds to himself. This is how police built their theories[that he was suicidal]," they explained through a translator. B. Unudelgerekh, who described her relationship with Sumbee as that of a big sister, remembers this time period as well. "I spoke to Sumbee about it. When he was stabbed, he was encouraged to take a break from the Gobi but he was so concerned about protecting the animals. He used to say to me: "Don't worry...'" Despite the risks, Sumbee was back to work by September or October 2015, working with the Snow Leopard Trust. According to family, friends and colleagues, his passion for his work kept him coming back, despite the dangers and their concerns. "When his dad[Tumursukh] talked about ibex and argali, he was the happiest ever. And Sumbee was the same with snow leopards," said Unudelgerekh. Recalled Clyde Goulden, one of the organizers of the letter to parliament, "I worked a lot with Tumursukh and Naraa in conservation efforts[at Lake Hovsgol]. He never hesitated to stop illegal fishing or enforce the strictly protected areas, for example Russians poaching in the area. He could be aggressive in his work but he was always trying to do the right thing. If[Sumbee] was anything like his father in his conservation work, I can understand why he might put people off who weren't interested in conservation." His father believes that it is possible the police thought Sumbee was "not important" to his family because his work in the Gobi was far from the family home in northern Lake Hovsgol. The Tost-Tosonbomba mountain range is located near China's border in the Gurvantes soum (district) and supports a community of 233 herder families with approximately 40,000 goats, sheep, camels and horses, according to a 2008 report. Herders used to shoot snow leopards that attacked their livestock, but steep penalties as well as work within the local community on preservation have made this less common. The penalties it attracts also appear to have made poaching less of a problem as well. Mining however, remains a pressing threat and one that is common to the local community as well. Badral Yondon, Chair of Ulaanbaatar Tourism Association, told The Diplomat, "I met many herders who support[Sumbee] and his work and actually came together to fight off mining companies." His parents don't believe that the Gobi herder community wished harm on Sumbee. "Sumbee had a personality and life was not of the type people would want to kill. He was a good kid, helpful, well mannered, and passionate about his work." But they have suspicions of powerful interests behind local mining permits. According to local media, MP B. Choijilsuren owns a significant percentage of the permits in the area. In contrast, MP Bat-Erdene, deemed a supportive presence to the community, owns mining permits adjacent to the area. "We think that his death was caused by the conflict between snow leopard habitat he was protecting around Mt. Tost-Tosonbomba and mining interests.[We think] this was a premeditated murder by mining and ninja[miners]," said Sumbee's parents. With the masks and unmarked car abduction, no one knows for sure who was behind the threats to Sumbee. "It's a multi-layered onion of mining permits, traditional local economic activities, and government, local and international interests here," McIntosh explains. Though the exact number of mining licenses cited varies according to reports, he believes there are "about 19 ___ 21." Sumbee's final attack seemed to catch everyone by surprise. Though friends and colleagues encouraged him to take a step back to let things cool down, he could not be dissuaded. "I knew my brother had problems[with threats], even though my family said not to worry," his sister Munkh-Orgil tearfully explained by Skype. "But I never thought these people would murder him." Public Attention By early January, Sumbee's father, a well-known and respected ranger and biologist in his own right working in Hovsgol, was displeased with the lack of progress on the case. He worked to debunk the suicide theory through evidence he had gathered in Ulaanbaatar. Sumbee, a diligent researcher who co-authored at least 10 publications on his work with snow leopards and ibex, was apparently just as thorough in recording the threats he received on his smartphone. "We found a phone recording of Sumbee chasing people away regarding the mining licenses," Badral said. "Tumursukh is smart and he knows the legal system. He has recordings and gave some to the authorities." Tumursukh had also found a phone recording made after Sumbee's abduction and before his death, left in his son's car between the seats. He passed a portion to a local journalist, who aired it in a televised interview. In one segment of the recording Sumbee, says: "Do you think I'm going to beg you to please spare my life? No, I will never do that. I'll never beg you to spare my life." The public's response was swift and generated a great deal of controversy. Local media, through extensive televised segments, presented not only the phone recording released by Tumursukh, but emails between Sumbee and his local employer, the Snow Leopard Conservation Fund, where he described the attacks, which were translated by friends into English on a blog. The local employer had contacted the police, but they had dismissed the case due to a lack of evidence. Meanwhile, international conservationists continued worked on their end to bring support to the case. The letter gained the immediate support of Member of Parliament Ts. Oyungerel. "We[also] were concerned that other international NGOs and researchers would be reluctant to work in Mongolia if Sumbee's death was not properly investigated," said McIntosh. The Tost-Tosonbomba snow leopard range has hosted research from 18 different institutions and six different countries, according to a report. Rebecca Watters, executive director of The Wolverine Foundation, and director of The Mongolian Wolverine Project, who also signed her name to the letter, agrees. "Stuff like that doesn't happen in Mongolia. When I was working in Cambodia, I had armed guards to protect me because we[the conservation community] had rangers killed in Cambodia." "Mongolia, by contrast, has rule of law and doesn't have these situations happen." After Tumursukh's media campaign, MP L. Erdenechimeg also began publicly supporting the investigation. The Minister of Justice D. Dorligjav, as the campaign's supporters had hoped, became involved. He criticized the suicide ruling as a mark of police incompetence, saying important evidence had been lost in investigating the case as a homicide. While the support is welcomed by Sumbee's parents, they have expressed disappointment at the lack of progress in the police investigation. At press time, they were not hopeful the killers would be caught. When asked what justice would look like to them, they said "We do not really know what can be done." Although they previously had the support of a lawyer working pro-bono, Sumbee's parents now say they will probably need to hire a lawyer. Sumbee's sister Munkh-Orgil thinks the police have been "working inside the box." "They need to "break the box,' " she explained. One thing is clear. Most of the numerous sources The Diplomat spoke with described Sumbee as someone who would not back down from a fight to protect the snow leopards entrusted in his care. "Perhaps if he had looked the other way or not challenged them it would have been a different outcome. But Sumbee wasn't the kind of guy who could watch other people causing damage and not try to stop it. He cared deeply about protecting the environment," said McCulloch. It is no surprise that those close to Sumbee want him to have the same kind of unrelenting representation, and his legacy is being staunchly promoted by his tenacious father Tumursukh. In a recent speech, Tumursukh told media. "I will uncover the murderers who[killed] my son, I will not stop until I find the truth behind my son's death, till my last breath."

Reporters Without Borders today voiced "great concern" about the imprisonment for the past two months of Dolgor Chuluunbaatar, editor of the daily Ulaanbaatar Times, and said it feared he had been "tortured and forced to sign confessions." It called on the government to prove otherwise. He was arrested in the capital, Ulaanbataar, on 24 March and accused by the Sukhbaatar district court of illegally privatising the paper. Reporters Without Borders is also concerned about the arrest on 27 April of another journalist, who was accused of libelling a minister. The worldwide press freedom organisation said it was "very worried" about the editor's treatment in prison, since the case was of interest to the government. It said it was quite unlikely that the privatisation of the paper and a state printing works had been done entirely by one person. It urged the government to clarify the matter and allow civil society representatives to visit the prison to check on Chuluunbaatar's health and whether he had been beaten. He was accused by the court on 7 April of violating in 2008 article 150.3 of the criminal law about private and government property and faces a 15-year prison sentence if convicted. The paper's offices are in a former printing works that belonged to the Ulaabataar city government. He denies the charges. His lawyers have applied nine times to various legal authorities for his release on bail but none have replied. Chuluunbaatar, a respected TV journalist and former editor of Mongoliin Medee (Mongolian News) and the Daily Independent, is currently vice-president of the Asia Journalist Association and secretary-general of the Confederation of Mongolian Journalists. Reporters Without Borders is also concerned about the arrest on 27 April of two journalists, Gantumut Uyanga and her husband Baviya Baatarkhuyag, after they criticised nature, environment and tourism minister Luimed Gansukh in the daily Udriin Sonin for moving with his family into a million-dollar house soon after the government signed an agreement with a Canadian firm, Ivanohe Mines, to mine copper and gold at Oyu Tolgoi. Uyanga told the news website News.mn that she and her husband were seized by four police and shoved into a van as they were leaving their house with a friend. "I was forced to kneel down and they smashed my mobile phone," she said. Both journalists were freed a few hours later. The Ulaanbaatar court upheld on 5 May the dismissal by the Sukhbaatar court on 24 March of a libel suit brought by the minister against Uyanga, who also heads a civil society organisation. She said she would sue police for illegally arresting her. Mr. Dolgor Chuluunbaatar was released on bail on 28 July 2011.

Publicist and journalist A. Baatarkhuyag Baatarkhuyag has been under investigation for criminal defamation since 8 July 2010, following a complaint by Minister of Nature, Environment and Tourism L. Gansukh. The minister complained that he had been defamed by the following sentences: "Many suffocate from their embezzling" and "Gansukh from Democratic party and Otgonbayar from Revolutionary Party become neighbors in their houses costing million dollars". These statements were contained in an article by Baatarkhuyag entitled "From solidarity to demoralizing", which was published in the 1 March 2010 edition of the daily newspaper "Udriin Sonin". In his complaint, the minister argued that Baatarkhuyag should be severely punished for defaming him and accusing him of corruption in a nationwide publication. The first hearing in the case will be held on 11 February 2011. GI notes that the minister's action is in breach of the Media Freedom Law, Article 3, which bans any kind of censorship and hindering of journalists' media work carried out in compliance with the law. Furthermore, according to Article 139 of the Mongolian Criminal Law, any breach of the Media Freedom Law may be considered a crime. GI urges the Mongolian authorities to repeal the criminal defamation legislation and calls on politicians and public officials to be more tolerant and open to criticism. In Mongolia, defamation charges brought against journalists in connection with their articles violate freedom of expression, speech, opinion and the press, as guaranteed by Article 16 of the Constitution, Article 19 of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which Mongolia ratified in 1974. GI is concerned about the increase in the number of such actions by politicians and public officials using criminal defamation provisions to strangle the voice of the free media.

On 27 April 2010, journalist Kh. Namuun-Uyanga, of the "Ogloonii Sonin" (Morning News) daily, received a threatening phone cal. He was urged to stop reporting on alleged embezzlement by Lieutenant Colonel M. Bayarmagnai, deputy chief of the Patrol and Special Defense Department. The threat was madeby Bayarmagnai's lawyer. The journalist heads the paper's Investigative Department. She published an article in the paper's 11 September 2008 edition, issue #175, entitled, "Police Colonel Embezzles MNT 20 million". The article was based on information provided by Lieutenant Colonel Ts. Batbold, head of the Investigation Department of the State General Prosecutor's Office. Batbold explained that his department was investigating a swindling case involving Bayarmagnai. At the time, a number of daily newspapers, including "Zuunii Medee" (Century News), "Ardchilal" (Democracy) and "Ardyn Erkh" (People's Right), also published articles on the investigation. But Bayarmagnai named only "Ogloonii Sonin" in his lawsuit, as it was the first paper to report on the alleged embezzlement. The lieutenant colonel accused the paper of defaming him and asked for 10 million MNT (over US$7,000) from the journalist to "redeem his reputation". The journalist earns about US$200 a month. After reviewing the case on 19 October 2009, the Bayanzurkh District Court found the paper guilty of slander and defamation. "Ogloonii Sonin" was ordered to pay 2 million MNT in damages to the plaintiff and publish a retraction. The paper subsequently filed an appeal with the Capital City Court. The first instance court's ruling was upheld on 18 December 2009, when the newspaper was once again found guilty of defamation. However, the Capital City Court reduced the amount payable to the plaintiff from two million to one million MNT. Unhappy with the decision, Namuun-Uyanga appealed to the Supreme Court. While her appeal was pending, a criminal case involving Bayarmagnai was re-opened. The journalist then wrote to the Supreme Court asking that review of her appeal be postponed until the case was finalized by the State General Prosecutor's Office. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court upheld the court of appeal decision. Based on a request by Namuun-Uyanga, G. Davaakhuu, an attorney for Globe International, submitted a complaint to Supreme Court General Judge S. Batdelger in accordance with Article 1761 on the review of civil cases, opposing the decisions of the court of first instance, the court of appeal and the supervising court, all three of which found "Ogloonii Sonin" guilty of slander and defamation. Namuun-Uyanga has received a number of calls from Bayarmagnai, and most recently, from his lawyer on 27 April 2010. The lieutenant colonel has said he will withdraw his complaint if the journalist agrees to pay him one million MNT. Otherwise, he threatened to use all his powers and connections against her and the paper